Saturday, January 25, 2020
The Basic Informational Macromolecules Biology Essay
The Basic Informational Macromolecules Biology Essay Nucleic acids are the basic informational macromolecules that contributes to the most essential characteristic properties of living system, reproduction and genetic conttrols. Lower and higher molecular weight of nucleic acids are utilized in metabolic and catalytic reactions respectively. DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acid of polymers composed of nitrogenous base either a double ring of purines and single ring of pyrimidine which is further connected to the phosphorylated sugar to make up the nucleotides.The sugar attached with base without phosphate group is called nucleoside.The DNA molecule has sugar 2-deoxyribose and RNA molecule has ribose and every backbone of DNA or RNA chain are linked by covalent phosphodiester bond between 5and 3carbons of two sugars either from 5>3 or 3>5 directions. Phosphate groups are attached at the end of the sugar at 5-carbon and at the 3end ,the hydroxyl group is added.Most probably all natural DNA or RNA polymer extend in a direction of 5to 3end direction.The structures that join the nulceotides together in DNA and RNA are called phosphodiester bonds due the presence of phosphoric acid linkage between the two sugars(fig.1) Fig.1 RNA nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds between 3-OH and 5-C. (RNA structure,n.d) Structures of DNA DNA(deoxyrinucleic acid)is the linear of nucleic acids which is composed of four different building blocks of nucleotides and is lack of one oxygen atom at carbon2(fig.2) and as a result it is named as deoxyribose sugar. Fig.2 Structure of DNA. (DNA Structure,n.d) DNA is commonly found in nucleous and scientist called Erwin Chargaff found that DNA has four nucleotide bases namely pyrimidine(cytosine and thymine)and purine(adenine and guanine) (fig.3) Purines: a)                   Adenine A       Guanine G Pyrimidines: b)                   Thymine T Cytosine C Fig.3.Structure of DNA bases. (DNA and RNA Structures,n.d) The total amount of pyrimidine nucleotide bases thymine+cytosine is always equal to the total amount of purine nucleotide bases adenine+guanine.The amount of thymine is always equal to the amount of adenine(A=T)and the amount of cytosine is always equal to the amount of guanine(G ºC).But the amount of adenine +thymine is not necessarily equal to the amount of guanine+cytosine. ( Gupta ,P.K., 2000) The Double Helix Structure By the study of x-ray diffration, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens suggested that DNA has a helical structure with a diameter of 20A and 34A distance in the helix(fig.4a). DNA consists of two helix which the two chains are coiled around the same axis to form a right-handed helix and they can be separated from one another only by uncoiling. The backbone of altertnating deoxyribose and phosphate groups are placed outside the helix facing the surrounding water(hydrophilic) whereas the bases are inside the helix(hydrophobic) and are set in a plane at right angle to the long axis.The right-handed DNA forms are called B-DNA having 3.4A distance between the two base pairs and it has 10 base pairs in each turn. DNA can also exist as left-handed and since left-handed DNA follow a zig-zag way,it is called as Z-DNA.The main difference between Z-DNA and B-DNA is that in Z-DNA,one complete helix has 12 base pairs per turn whereas B-DNA has only 10 base pairs per turn. (Gupta,P.K., 2000) Fig.4)a) Structure of double helix, b) DNA structure showing parallel and anti-parallel, c) double helix showing minor and major grooves. (DNA Structures,n.d) In double helix,the two strands of DNA runs opposite in direction ie,5> 3and 3> 5 which means the two strands should be parallel or anti-parallel to make the stabilized structure and hold the two polynucleotides together.There is an interaction of base-pair between the adenine on one strand and a thymine on the other(A=T) and similarly between cytosine and guanine (G ºC (fig.4b) with hydrogen bond two and three rrespectively.These pairing of this two strands creates minor and major grooves on the surfaces of double helix(fig.4c) . In DNA double helix,one strand act as parent strand and the other new strand as template which synthesize complementary daughter strands(fig.5).The double helix is hold together by H-bonding between complementary base pairs and base stacking interaction. (Voet,D. Et al Fig.5 DNA replication. Each strand of a parental DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary daughter strand. (Voet,D. et al,2006) Structure of RNA RNA(ribonucleic acid) is the second type of nucleic acid found in throuhtout the cell. In case of RNA , it has a sugar and an -OH group at 2 carbon atom(fig.6). Fig.6 Structure of ribose. (RNA Structure,n.d) Similarly, RNA has also four nucleotide bases as purine and pyrimidine(fig.7) except the thymine is replaced by uracil in pyrimidine. Purines:                   Adenine A       Guanine G Pyrimidines:                   Uracil U                  Cytosine C Fig.7 Structures of RNA bases. (RNA and DNA Structures,n.d) Though RNA is single -stranded structure ,when RNA fold back on itself ,by chance or occasional base pairing and hydrogen bonding ,it forms some of a paired helical structure (fig.8) which results in three dimensional structure and they are copmplex and unique. They form intra-strand base pairs from self complementary region along the chain. Fig.8 Base pairing within a single strand of RNA showing a possible folded structure. (RNA Structure,n.d) The information from RNA determines the protein synthesis through the series of translation which involves three types of RNA molecules to perform different functions: 1)Messenger RNA(mRNA)Structure Messenger RNA(mRNA) is a linear sequence of amino acid in polypeptide chain and has longer chain than the reading frame that has to be translated.To begin and end translation , specific start and stop codons are required. Mostly mRNAs has start (initiator) codons AUG that can be served as methionine codon at 5carbon.. Occasionally GUG and CUG can alsobe used as initiator codon in some of the bacterial and eukaryotic mRNA respectively. GUG codes for valine and CUG for leucine to initiate a protein chain. The stop codon are UAA, UGA and UAG and do not code for any amino acid. The stop codon indicates that translation is to be terminated and the ribosome has to be released polypeptide product. The sequence of start and stop codon are called a reading frame. Codon having overlapping information, mRNA can be translated to different reading frames and formed different polypeptides(fig.9). Each genetic code specifies different amino acids and rarely unusual coding occurs. ( Lodish, etal , 1986) Frame 1 5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ GCU UGU UUA CGA AUU A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ mRNA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ Ala Cys Leu Arg Ile à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ polypeptide 1 Frame 2 5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ G CUU GUU UAC GAA UUA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ mRNA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ Leu Val Tyr Glu Leu à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ â‚ ¬ polypeptide 2 Figure 9; Multiple reading frames in an mRNA sequence ( Lodish , etal , 1986) 2)Transfer RNA(tRNA) Structure Transfer RNA(tRNA) is an adaptor molecule that serve as a bridge between mRNA and the amino acids leading to the Polypeptide chain.tRNA exists in primary,secondary and tertiary structure. A tRNA molecule is chemically linked to amino acids through a bond forming an aminoacyl-tRNA. The general structure of tRNA is represented by Cloverleaf model(fig.10). The anticodon at the bottom is complementary to the mRNA codon with the pairing of base to it. Due to the presence of mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon, base-pairing is in anti-parallel directions.Amino acids are attached to the acceptor stem at the 3 terminus having sequence CCA and protrudes beyond the 5 end. The dihydrouracil loop(D loop)contained always uracil base and TCG loop has invariant sequence of bases.Variable loop has variation in both nucleotides composition and in length. (Lodish,et al,1986) Fig.10. Structure of tRNA. (RNA-Ribonucleic acid,n.d) 3)Ribosome RNA(rRNA) Sructures Ribosome RNA(rRNA) carries ribosome particles and consists of one small and one large subunit ribosome and protein. The rRNA is the largest structure among the RNAs. Each of the subunits composed of one to three rRNA s types and as many as protein components. Comparing to prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells are larger and more particles whereas the eukaryotes has 40s and 60s with 80s for complete ribosome. Functions of DNA †¢ DNA serve as a storage materials for genetic information in all living cells. †¢ Due to the double helical structure,DNA provides more stability storing more genetic information since the double bond required more force to break up the structures . †¢ DNA is building block of the protein synthesis which takes by the process of Central Dogma relationship.Genetic information from the DNA is transcribed to mRNA carrying the genetic codon and later translated to the polypeptide chain. †¢ DNA provides for long term storage of genetic information due to the presence of deoxyribose sugar at 2carbon,thus preventing the formation of cyclic phosphate ester since hydrogen cannot hydrolysis the phosphodiester bond, whereas 2hydroxyl group in RNA act as a nucleophile attacking the phosphodiester bond and results in less efficiency of storing information. (Lodish, ea al,1986) †¢ DNA act as template or semiconservative.During the replication of double helix,DNA double strsnded DNA that consists of one old (template) strand and one new daughter strand. two ddaughter duced pronew daughter strand.This two new DNA molecules is identical to the parents molecule and this type of conservation of old template strand is called semiconservative. †¢ The major and minor grooves formed during the coiling or wounding of duoble strands provides the reading of protein binding DNA.s ( Lodish, etal, 1986) Function of mRNAs: †¢ mRNA carries genetic information which is transcribed from DNA in a linear sequence of amino acid to a peptide chain. †¢ mRNA carries three codons for a specific amino acids.AUG act as start codon for a specified amino acids at 5 and UAA, UAG and UGA as stop codon or termination of translation. Function of tRNA: †¢ The main function of aminoacyl-tRNA is to recognise the specific codon for the activation of correct amino acids. †¢ tRNA make sure that the amino acid are placed in correct sequence to the growing peptide chain during the interaction of codon with the specific anticodon. †¢ Helps in Abinding the growing peptide chain to the ribosome during translation process. ( Conn, E.E.,1987) Function of rRNA: †¢ rRNA could serve as template RNA . †¢ rRNA with ribosome particles provides shapes and structure during protein synthesis. It also helps in speeding or catalysing the chemical reaction by enzyme called ribozymes. The main difference between the DNA and RNA structures are that DNA has deoxyribose sugar and lack one oxygen at carbon 2,wheraes in RNA has ribose sugar and one -OH group attached at carbon 2. DNA is double stranded in nature ,providing more stability than single stranded RNA. Again one big difference is that the presence of thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA srtucture. The main difference in the function of DNA and RNA is that the DNA functions mainly for the storage of genetic informations and the RNA as transcription and translation of genetic informations. Since the DNA is double helix that wound around the plane of the helix hiding the base -paired inside the helix that prevents from contacting with water(hydrophobic) this base pairing interaction provides more stability to the nucleic acids storing more genetic information.In both DNA and RNA base pairing between G ºC provides more stronger and stable bond than the A=T since it requires more force to break up the three H-bonding of G ºC than the A=T. In DNA , thymine is present and instead of thymine uracil is replaced in RNA .Since thymine contain methyl group , this base act as a protection and moreover methyl is strongly neutral. It is methylated group and methylation newly suppresses the migration of DNA segments. These all reasons provides that DNA is strongly stable than RNA nucleic acid. Again methylation can help in identifying the parental (template) strands from newly synthesized strands in DNA strands. Each of the 3end of the sugar are used to initiate the genetic exchange and this point act as primer for DNA replication. The attachment of more ribosome on mRNA provides high sedimentation rate than the unattached ribosomes which means the polyribosome or polysome complexes are actively synthesizing protein than single ribosomes. (Strickberger,M.W.,1976)
Friday, January 17, 2020
Asher Farms Essay
Political – In class the major political topic that we focused on was possible affects on the industry if immigration laws became stricter. This industry is highly dependent on cheap labor. If all of a sudden there were not enough workers in the industry there would not be enough chicken available to meet the demand. Economic – Evident from the case, the chicken market is heavily influenced by currency fluctuation. This is because 15% of the total poultry production is exported and therefore changes in the price of the dollar can make chicken much more expensive in other countries or it can have a reverse effect. Social – Over the past couple of decades there has clearly been a shift in the amount of different types of meat products that are consumed. Those who watch their what they eat are more likely to eat chicken for the high protein benefits and minimizing some of the harmful affects of red meat. Technological – There had been a strong push for more efficient technology to be produced in this industry. The technology developments range from the machinery that does some of the work to new genetic engineering of the food that the chickens eat. These advancements allowed for the growth of the chicken industry without and slowdowns. Legal – Animal rights advocates have had major impacts on the ways that chickens can be processed. The conditions that the chickens live in could cause some legal problems in the future in different animal rights groups wanted to make changes. Environmental – Spread of disease always seems to be a major concern in the food industry. Contamination is very possible and could potentially cause huge problems. The FDA would like to minimize the possible affects of any type disease from spreading such as salmonella or other bacteria’s that are harmful. I feel that all of the business risks identified in question 1, the PESTLE acronym, all have the same potential to impact the risk of material misstatements on the financial statements. These business risks would all put revenue, cost of goods sold, wage expenses, and certain discloses at risk for being misstated. This would require more substantive tests to provide more reliable evidence that the financial statements are correctly stated. Obtaining knowledge about the client’s industry helps to highlight practices unique to that industry that may have an effect on the client’s financial statements. The auditor should obtain knowledge relating to the client’s business before commencing the audit. Understanding the client’s business provides information regarding events and transactions that may affect the client’s financial statements. Just like an auditor is not responsible to provide absolute assurance that the financial statements are correct, an auditory does not have the responsibility to identify or assess all business risks because it would be not efficient, timely, or costly to do so. As discussed in question 1, some examples of business risks that should be considered include; immigration concerns, currency fluctuation, health changes, technological development, and the spread of disease. An example of a business risk that might not lead to a risk of material misstatement in the financial statements that we discussed in class was opening new locations and growing the business.
Thursday, January 9, 2020
Roman Empire Views on Homosexuality - 1501 Words
Roman Sexuality: Roman Attitudes toward Homosexuality A popular topic of discussion, when referring to historic Roman culture, is the topic of sexuality. Even more specific is the subject of Roman attitudes toward homosexuality. During the time period of 753 B.C. to 476 A.D. the Roman Empire was arguably one of the most powerful and advanced empires of its age. With such a powerful empire of citizens that were fixated on their pride and, for the males, masculinity, one must wonder what their thoughts on homosexuality were. Also, when discussing the Romans and homosexuality you must take into consideration that males were infatuated with themselves, including their physical appearance all the way down to the way that they operated†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, homosexuality as an identity is what the Romans had trouble accepting. It was very common for these homosexual activities to take place while the male had a wife. This introduces the topic of bisexuality and the inquiries that ask if homosexuality was still overlooked if the male did not have a wife as well that was his primary source for sexual activity. In the Roman Empire, the men that were open to having sexual acts done to them by other males were looked at differently, as previously mentioned. They were looked at differently in the sense that they were categorized as feminine, and with this idea in mind, the Roman men saw these feminine men as woman in a sense so they saw it fit or acceptable to have sex with these types of men. They were, in a way, creating neutralization to the homosexual activities that they were partaking in to make it into something that defined your masculinity for the positive. The following is an excerpt from the text Roman Homosexuality by (Williams 1999): â€Å"†¦Tendency to associate the receptive role with women, boys, and slaves and to construe adult men who display a desire to be penetrated as effeminate anomalies†¦ Fully gendered men might be perfectly content to express desire for the men they ridicule†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The above quote from Roman Homosexuality shows the reasoning behind the desire to engage in homosexual activity by males that areShow MoreRelatedThe Ass, The Witch, And The Roman Empire1232 Words  | 5 PagesThe Ass, the Witch, and the Roman Empire: Roman Society in The Golden Ass Apuleius’ The Golden Ass is the oldest Latin novel from around the era of the Roman Empire to survive in its entirety. Because of this fact, it means that this novel is a source of great insight into a first hand account, albeit with fictional prose, of Roman society through the eyes of a well-endowed male, Lucius, the narrator of the novel. Through his travels and his various encounters along the way, both as a man and anRead More`` Pax Romana `` A Time Of The Great Civilizations Of Our Past1226 Words  | 5 Pagesin â€Å"Pax Romana†a time which it was at complete peace internally and among the surrounding empires. Through the ages the people of Rome remained connected with their roots. Patriotism remained a huge virtue among the people of Rome, they remained very connected to their government. Family life continued to remain important to the people of Rome and it was encouraged that parents have many kids. When the Roman government was at peace the people were i n love with their government. To quote Aelius AristidesRead MoreHomosexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome Essay example1353 Words  | 6 PagesHomosexuality in ancient Greece and Rome Americans endlessly recycle the old conflicts: first we fought about slavery, then segregation, then gender, and now sexual orientation-(Anon). Homosexuality is an on-going conflict in America, as well as other countries. The history of homosexuality goes back to the ancient civilizations. As we have different ideas and ways of dealing with it, so did the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. Ancient Greece is consideredRead MoreThe Roman Empire1469 Words  | 6 Pagesthe Roman Empire. The Roman way of life and â€Å"Pax Romana†set up a standard of what defined civilization great. However, what was it that made the Roman life great? Was it the rules, the system of government, the virtues of the people? I believe what made the Romans so mighty was a blessing from God due to the outpouring revival of their hearts. However, to fully understand how their hearts were revived for Christ and how God had His hand on them we must take a look at the past of the Romans AfterRead More Homosexuality Essay3784 Words  | 16 PagesHomosexuality No one knows exactly how homosexuality entered into human history. I would imagine that the practices associated with the erotic attraction of people to ones own gender have been around since the dawn of humanity. The earliest accounts of homosexual behavior seem to be found in ancient pagan religious practices. At least, the pagans included homosexuality in the worship of various gods. Whether the inclusion in worship was because the practice was already a part of the society-at-largeRead MoreGays Should Be Legal Contract1290 Words  | 6 Pages(Ferguson) The History of Gay Marriage The history of same sex marriage has been recorded since the beginning of civilization. Ancient Roman Empire accepted same-sex relations. A lot of the roman emperors were homosexuals. However, Christianity did not accept homosexuality. Therefore, homosexuality became a taboo for many years. Since Christianity did not accept homosexuality, the United States had hostile viewpoints on same sex marriage, because Christianity was the practiced religion in the United StatesRead MoreAnother Advancement Of The Tang Dynasty Was Its Arrangement1620 Words  | 7 PagesBYZANTINE EMPIRE The Byzantine Empire considered itself the continuation of Roman human advancement, so it was just regular that it would proceed and expand upon the establishments of traditional Rome. One of Rome s most persisting legacies was its arrangement of law. For sure, even the brutes who cut down the western portion of the domain in the fifth century embraced the arrangement of Roman law to manage their human advancements. In the surviving eastern portion of the Roman Empire the undertakingRead MoreThe Rights Of The Lgbtq Community1217 Words  | 5 Pagesat the aisle, many states deny them the right to marriage. Many protest the rights the LGBTQ community should be able to have. The Catholic Church has condemned the LGBTQ community since the beginning of time. While some states have changed their views and laws on LGBTQ rights and privileges, there is still much improvement that needs to be done. Who gives someone the right to tell others who they can and cannot love; and that because th ey love someone of the same gender as them they are less ofRead MoreThe Dutch Republic767 Words  | 3 Pagesage, trade, military, art, and science flourished. This all led to a domination in trade, production of ships, etc. Western Europe After the split of the Roman Empire, the western half fell as the east prospered. Then in the medieval period, the catholic western European states emerged stronger than ever, causing the distinction between roman catholic/protestant vs eastern orthodox in Europe. Western Europe was made up of competitive states that came to play major roles. The Dutch republic managedRead MoreWhat Ways Does Cultural Racism Manifest Itself?1651 Words  | 7 Pagesperiod of time. There is evidence of cultural racism during the time of great civilizations documented in our history books; such as Roman Empire, Greek Empire etc. This form of racism manifest itself in several ways. Certain cultures self-proclaimed superior to orders and they use that self-given authority to rule over smaller, weaker cultural identity. Certain views expressed of the Muslin culture in recent years can be viewed as a similar form of cultural racism. 31-35) In what ways does institutional
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
The Separation Brought from Deafness in A Loss for Words...
In the book, â€Å"A Loss for Words†by Lou Ann Walker, the reader gets a glimpse into the life of a family that is somewhat separated by deafness and hearing. The author Lou Ann Walker, does an excellent job at showing the reader all that she has to go through as she grows up. The reader can see all that is going on as she describes everything that is happening in depth to them. This gives the reader a chance to see how many children that are born to deaf parents are used to be interpreters for them and also how the hearing world that they live in sees the deaf community around them. The author, Lou Ann Walker, is the daughter of deaf parents that both went deaf when they were children. Her mother because she had spinal meningitis when she was thirteen and a half months old. (Walker, 1986, pg.25) And her father was born deaf, even though he â€Å"insisted†that he was not. Deafness in this time was considered to be wrong and that something was wrong with the family fro m eating to many green chestnuts that where cursed by a gypsy (36). The author uses many ways to show her compassion that she has for her parents. All throughout the book, she shows it by the way that she tells her parents all that they need to know an not the names that people call them in public. There were many times throughout the book such as with the teacher that she want to know about the DEAF-AND-MUTE ALPHABET (82). I think that she has more than enough experience to write and tell her story and is more thanShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words  | 1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
Monday, December 23, 2019
How Did The French Revolution Come From Fruition - 951 Words
When someone mentions the French Revolution, it brings to mind times of rioting, the Guillotine, and the fall of a monarchy. The Revolution was a time of change, many of which happened swiftly and caused outcry from various groups of people around not only France, but other European countries. This was in part to the Revolts that had started in European colonies. . The question is how did the French Revolution come to fruition? There were many causes of the French Revolution that span from financial and economic problems, the tension between the three estates, and the overall inability of King Louis XVI. The main financial problem in 1792 for France, was the national debt. While many believe that the building and upkeep of the Versailles Palace, it was not the leading factor in France’s debt. The actual main focus point of the debt were the efforts to maintain France’s position in relation to the other European countries, especially France’s rival of Britain. Another reason for the high amount of debt, is the various wars that France participated in. By sending aid to the American colonies during the American Revolution, they lost a lot of revenue. The disastrous results of The Seven Years’ War also did not help the debt and raised fear that the monarchy was not able to handle the challenges they faced. They were further humiliated during Frederick the Great’s reign in Prussia, and lost their colonial possessions in both India and North America to the British (Popkin 4-5).Show MoreRelatedBonaparte Betrayed the Revolution1638 Words  | 7 PagesBo naparte Betrayed the Revolution ‘Bonaparte betrayed the revolution.’ Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer. Napoleon Bonaparte’s attitude towards the French Revolution is one that has often raised questions. That the revolution had an influence on Bonaparte’s regime cannot be denied – but to what extent? When one looks at France after Napoleon’s reign it is clear that he had brought much longed for order and stability. He had also established institutions that embodied theRead MoreThe Power Of The Great Powers Of Great Britain1650 Words  | 7 Pagespoison. The Congress of Vienna also to ban the slave trade in the Atlantic. All the great powers agreed to this, but only Britain really did nothing to stop the trade, creating an anti-slavery naval squadron. For all the problems that France had caused, Congress was remarkably smooth to France, which basically has to maintain its traditional boundaries, pre-revolution. Congress also stopped leaving potentially explosive hand issues: the question of Poland could have led to war or more hostility, butRead MoreThe American Revolution910 Words  | 4 PagesAmerican Revolution, 169 years in the making, was a long and hard struggle that created a constitutional republic with the greatest large-scale freedom ever seen in human history. The war was partially fought under the declaration â€Å"no taxation without representation,†which embodied the Revolutionaries rejection of the British idea of virtual representation in Parliament. Virtual representation meant that English members could e ffectively represent the colonies in Parliament. The colonies did not agreeRead MoreThe Theory Of Progress And Its Components1569 Words  | 7 Pagesnear the common day is not a straight linear progression that hits abstract checkmarks of movements and revolutions, but it is a more complex study. Historians such as J.B. Bury, Herbert Butterfield, and John Lukacs talk about the theory of progress and how it manifests in historical writings. The scientists, C.P Snow wrote in the Two Cultures a framework of mind of the significant revolutions in science. The theory of progress and its components are important in use to see a limited progress ofRead MoreThe Enlightenment Essay999 Words  | 4 Pages During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the scientific revolution brought about a slow change in societies’ thinking regarding math, earth science, physics, and astronomy. Early on, new ideas about our universe were not widely accepted, especially from the church. Thi s soon changed due to the hard work and perseverance of several scientists and philosophers who unbeknownst to them brought about an era known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, which eased into existence in the seventeenthRead MoreThe Stamp Act1599 Words  | 7 Pagesmany events could have marked the birth of the nation America is today. With research, however, it is evident that the Stamp Act was the true mark of no return in American history. When the act came into law in 1765, there was a growing resentment from colonists towards British parliament in regard to taxes. England actually paid more in taxes, but Americans felt they had done a lot for Britain and were concerned about England interfering with their local government systems and taking away theirRead MoreThe War I Was The United States Become A Super Power959 Words  | 4 Pages World War I was the war that shaped the future of the 20th century and is what helped make the United States become a super power. Since its Independence the United States had taken a stance of isolationism from conflicts in Europe and Asia. To further assert their stance on isolationism the United States passed the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 which stated that any attempt by a European nation to colonize or interfere with North and South American would be seen as an act of aggression. The United StatesRead More1 How did pollution affect London between 1700 and 1900? The development of locomotives, and1600 Words  | 7 Pages 1 How did pollution affect London between 1700 and 1900? The development of locomotives, and steamboats manufactured goods could now be sold around the globe. Families moved from the villages of their ancestors to new industrial towns and a new class of people emerged, workers who produced goods. The industrialist, the people who owned the factories, employed hundreds even thousands of people, and made enormous profits. A major concern was the growing numbers, the masses of the urban poor thatRead MoreThe Western Military Trajectory During The Gunpowder And First Industrial Revolutions2121 Words  | 9 Pagesfor a military revolution stemming from non-Western stimuli. Innovations such as the composite bow (introduced by the Hyksos), cavalry (accredited to Assyria and Persia), the stirrup (attributed to China), gunpowder (China), crossbow (China), and cannons (China) have been attributed to non-Western regions; however, it is the Western militaries that exploited these innovations to their full deadly potential and in the process create d military revolutions. This paper will discuss how some of theseRead MoreThe Arab Baath Movement and The Rise of the Baath Party in Syria1648 Words  | 7 PagesMovement which eventually led to the formation of the Baath Party. By analyzing the movement’s history, ideological stance, goals, the actors, dissenters, and international aspect, one can determine how and why the movement flourished in Syria. Syria was granted de jure independence from the French in 1941. However, the country was not truly independent until 1946. For the next twenty-five years, the country would be launched into extreme political instability and party factionalism. In the beginning
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Ijarah Free Essays
Ijarah Ijarah means lease, rent or wage. Generally, Ijarah concept means selling benefit or use or service for a fixed price or wage. Under this concept, the Bank makes available to the customer the use of service of assets / equipments such as plant, office automation, motor vehicle for a fixed period and price. We will write a custom essay sample on Ijarah or any similar topic only for you Order Now Advantages Of Ijarah The following are the advantages of Ijarah to lessee: 1)Ijarah conserves capital as it may provide 100% financing. 2)Ijarah enables the Lessee to have the use of the equipment on payment of the first rental. This is important since it is the use (and not ownership)of the equipment that generates income. 3)Ijarah arrangements are flexible because the terms and rental provision may be tailored to suit the needs of the Lessee. Therefore, it aids corporate planning and budgeting. 4)Ijarah is not borrowing and is therefore not required to be disclosed as a liability in the Balance Sheet of the Lessee. Being an â€Å"off balance sheet†financing, it is not included in the computation of gearing ratios imposed by bankers. The borrowing capacity of the Lessee is therefore not impaired when leasing is resorted to as a mean of financing. 5)All payments of rentals are treated as payment of operating expenses and are therefore, fully tax-deductible. Leasing therefore offers tax-advantages to profit making concerns. 6)There are many types of equipment, which becomes obsolete before the end of its actual economic life. This is particularly true in high technology equipment like computers. Thus the risk is passed onto the Lessor who will undoubtedly charge a premium into the lease rate to compensate for the risk. A Lessee may be willing to pay the said premium as an insurance against obsolescence. 7)If the equipment used is for a relatively short period of time, it may be more profitable to lease than to buy. 8)If the equipment is used for a short duration and the equipment has a very poor second hand value (resale value), leasing would be the best method for acquisition How to cite Ijarah, Essay examples
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Business in Construction Management †Free Samples to Students
Question: Discuss about the Business in Construction Management. Answer: Introduction As the world population continues to grow and its demand for products, services, and basic needs, the demand for construction of shelter and infrastructure also continue to expand. However, the construction industry is faced with several challenges, which make it difficult for construction companies to focus on growing their business. The success of these construction companies has been very seriously limited by these challenges(Hutchiings Christofferson, 2011). For this reason, many construction firms have to consider vital business strategies to achieve success in their business, despite the challenges facing the industry. Success in such an industry can only be achieved through a company analyzing several business factors, predict the future and then make necessary changes to ensure that the company achieves increase profits and better strategies to achieve effective cost management and even reduced risks. Due to the risky nature of the construction business, construction firms o ught to be considerate of the factors that could prevent it from achieving success and make necessary steps to avoid those factors or limit their effect in the company. At the same time, these strategies could also be important for improving the business and making it easier for the company to grow amid these factors. This study is analyzes the case of two construction companies, one from Sri Lanka and another from the Middle East, and presents their situation to explain how different factors affect the success of construction companies in different parts of the world. It also presents the business issues that affect the construction companies and suggests a number of strategies that the construction companies in the study and other in the same situation can use to achieve success in their businesses(Koota, 2013). It also analyzes the different risks that the construction industry is faced with, and how these risks affect the success rates of these companies. In so doing, its readers will be highlighted of the different factors affecting the success of construction companies as well as the risks that companies in this industry are faced with. Companies in the construction industry continue to face great challenges and risks in the business world, and this limits the ability of these companies to g row and achieve success. This can mainly be attributed to the increasing population and demand for basic needs, products, and services. This is because, the growth in the demand of needs of industries like the construction industry has brought with it complexities in the process to begin and complete projects as well as other challenges like constantly changing construction regulations and the fragmentation of the procedures involved in this industry(Abraham, 2013). This thus makes the possibilities of having successful construction companies very slim, although the few that manage to identify the right strategies and implement them to the letter become outstandingly successful. It is therefore important for the companies aiming at success in this industry to invest in identifying and staying abreast with their competition in their respective regions Due to the nature of the major factors of cost and time in this industry, the best companies always have to be the ones who deliver in the shortest time and also maintain a cost that is relatively less than that of the competition. The risks in this industry are also aggravated by the failure to utilize a lean and effective model of management(Hughes, Tippett, Thomas, 2014). Construction companies are thus advised to consider utilizing a management strategy to attain a business level where the risks have been completely avoided or mitigated, so the company continues to grow and achieve even greater heights. An effective management strategy for the business would also aid the companies to achieve lean operations with minimal wastage of resources so that the business is beneficial and the risks can be mitigated better. Management and risk planning in this industry also assure companies better rates of success, through enabling the companies to achieve their business goals and to meet the objectives and the needs of all their projects. Effective management also enables construction companies to stay on track of their resources, to ensure they deliver the expected results within the budgets and the timelines that are set by the by the developers and thus meet the specifications of the project (Gerstel, 2009). Current Performance Analysis of Case Studies Due to the increase in population and demand of basic needs in Sri Lanka, the construction industry in that country has gradually continued to shift from the construction of infrastructure like airports, roads, or even harbors, and is since focusing on residential and commercial spaces. This can be attributed to an increase in the demand for services and basic needs for the increasing population(Allmon, Haas, Borcherding , Goodrum , 2007). The construction in this industry is mainly involved in the construction of sky scrapers in Colombo, the Sri Lankan capital. There is also a constraining factor of land, which is being sold at extremely high prices, prompting the entire industry to focus on crating large sky scrapers with immense capacities. The demand for residential and commercial spaces in the Sri Lankan market have continued to increase while the land to meet this demand continues to diminish have left the construction industry having to settle on the construction of sky scrap ers in that capital and also into the suburban parts of the city. The construction industry in Sri Lanka is projected to remain in the sky scraper construction bubble within and around the capital city of Colombo for the next five years. This is due to the growth the tourism industry of the country has in the recent past began to grow immensely, and thus the construction of more skyscrapers as hotels for the tourists is expected to continue this bubble. The increase of tourists will also prompt the construction of shopping malls and supplementary establishments. The country is also experiencing a shortage of commercial spaces like offices, and this might also prompt a need for the entire industry to be focused on skyscraper construction. After the skyscraper bubble, the market is expected to shift to the Western Region Mega polis project which the government is expected to inject about $ 40 billion. While this is a very promising aspect about the construction industry of the country, it is also expected to pose great challenges that make it very difficult for the companies to achieve success. For instance the Sri Lankan expected developments have attracted the need for new strategies and requirements which arise from different factors. The first of these is that science and development continues to develop new building technologies and construction styles. For instance, technologies have emerged so much that most of the buildings that have been constructed in the recent past have been put together using precast segmental blocks that are simply assembled and secured in the construction process to save on time. The costs are also minimized when these precast blocks are used. Another factor prompting changes in the strategies and requirements of the Sri Lankan market is the supply chain, which is unfamiliar with the current skyscraper construction technologies. Recent developments have seen the development of different more energy saving materials which have not yet penetrated the market well. In addition, environmental awareness and technologies have also began advising construction companies to ensure less carbon emissions in the houses whose construction consumed a lot of energy in extracting the materials, so as to achieve a sustainable construction. For the Sri Lankan industry, many contractors in the supply chain do not yet have these advancements, and this contributes to the difficulty of achieving success. In addition, technology has also introduced to the industry other tools like the Building Information Modelling tools which have made work in the construction industry much easier and more accurate. This is because these tools utilize a computer based 3D modelling system that makes work for engineers, architects and even the subcontracted construction experts easier, through efficient designing and planning stages before the actual construction works begin as well as the management and construction process much more effective manage. The construction of even unchartered grounds like the skyscrapers in the case of Sri Lanka has thus been made better, easier and more accurate as the result of utilizing these Building Information Modelling tools. Further, as the number of construction projects being commenced due to the high demand for construction projects increases, the demand for huge capital flows in the industry has led to the reliance of borrowed capital to finance these projects. These high lending rates of construction capital also limit the growth and prosperity of different companies in the industry as they are coupled with inflation rates and high interests rates that negatively affect the turnover rates in this industry. For this reason, construction companies are mainly advised to take control of their cash flow to keep it healthy, to ensure the impact of the high interest rates and inflation rates in Sri Lanka do not continue to cripple the entire industry. The promising future for the Sri Lanka construction industry especially for tall skyscrapers has also attracted the attention of construction industry players on the international scale, who are more equipped for the construction of such high risk projects. This means that the construction industry in Sri Lanka has continued to demonstrate an immense level of rivalry from competition between the local companies and the international ones for the most profitable construction projects. Since the Sri Lanka construction industry is subdivided into ranks that have been allocated certain responsibilities to participate in certain levels of construction, the international players mostly win the tenders for the most profitable projects. The smaller lower ranking companies are thus restricted from bidding in projects that would give them a great boost in them of their business growth and the achievement of prosperity. The Middle Eastern construction industry has also been going through some difficult times in the recent past, as a result of the impact of low oil prices on liquidity, which has continued to decrease. The impact of this state of the industry continues to mount immense pressure on the bottom line players in the Middle East construction industry prompting the government and its entities to understand the situation and look into options to help these players save costs and increase the operational efficiencies for such companies. The effect of this would be a significant reduction on the costs that are incurred especially on projects that are relatively less critical than others, and thus increasing the chances of industry players to overcome most of their challenges to achieve success and prosperity in business. While the intentions of the government and its entities are good, the cost savings in the industry have had a direct negative impact on the industry, as many projects have been cancelled, including the large scale and high profile construction companies such as the GCC Rail Network. The non-critical construction projects are however expected to continue on a downward spiral, as a result of the consequences of the global oil prices. However, the future for the Middle Eastern construction industry appears promising as a result of the stabilization of the worlds oil market price at $50. In addition, the region is expecting the commencement of some serious and critical projects such as the constructions that are closely linked to events such as the Dubai Expo 2020 and the 2022 World Cup that will be held in this part of the globe. Players in the industry will be greatly favored by the constructions of different projects affiliated to such events as the time and budgetary resources will continue to become increasingly constrained, for the benefit of the contractors. In addition, the intervention of the government in cost savings for the industry will also benefit contractors as they will have to incur great risks of the government suspending their construction operat ions or even terminating projects. This has in turn contributed to a need for the industry to change strategies as a result of several factors in the industry/ The factors that have contributed to changes in strategies for these Middle Eastern construction companies include first and foremost the tendency to downsize and rephrase projects whose budgetary allocations are not sufficient to complete the industry. About a decade ago, such projects had to be abandoned leading to the property crash witnessed in Dubai, between 2008 and 2009. Changes in the market as well as the intervention of the government of the government and its entities have encouraged a better way of managing such risks, and thus making the industry a more conducive place for the achievement of success. As the Middle Eastern region continues to expand, the work permits in the area continue to reduce, with the availability of these work documents continuing to diminish. The effect of this is a reduction on the number of international competitors for construction projects due to the changing regulations on visa and entry requirements to the region. This means that workers and professionals in the industry have been affected and the impact is also being reflected on the construction industry in this region. Another factor that affects the success rate of the Middle Eastern industry is because the skillset fails to adjust with the technologies in demand. For instance, as the cautiousness for sustainability continues to increase, the industry is forced to take a preference for renew able sources of energy and minimal carbon emissions, specifically the use of solar energy in a region that is as hot as Dubai. However, since most of the contractors in the industry have not yet upgraded to such technologies, their businesses end up having plenty of difficulties in achieving success in business. Even when the contractors might have invested in these new technologies, construction workers are not yet equipped with the knowledge and skill required to implement these technologies. This then becomes a hindrance to the success and prosperity of many construction industry players in the Middle Eastern region. Also, as the competition for the few construction projects that have not yet been abandoned continues to increase, many players in this industry are forced to introduce risky and binding commercial options so as to land a project. They are also forced to indulge in the use of cheap methods to meet the requirements of their clients and also to attract more clients and remain competitive in the delivery the expected solutions. The use of Building Information Modelling tools have also helped to make everyone in the industry equally good in deliverying the expected solution as it makes the design, planning, construction and management processes equally as effective for all experts implementing the tool. The interventions of the government to coat saving has led to the introduction of PPP laws in the Middle Eastern region, in trying to offer the public good infrastructure. This has gone ahead to limit the profitability of the companies that get involved ion such deals, making it harder fo r a company to become successful. The government and its entities also encourage developers to downsize and rephrase the construction project when faced with any difficulty. This also negatively impacts the opportunities for business prosperity in the industry as it makes the contractors to have to factor in as they revise the schedules and designs of any projects. The profitability of the business is badly affected in this manner and this hurts the chances of such companies achieving true business success through growth, stability, and profitability. These factors cause the construction businesses to settle for cheap prices for projects, and high risks of not completing the expected work, and this negative affects their chances of increasing profitability, growing and expanding, as well as achieving a stable level of business. Analysis and Strategies As earlier explained, the construction industry continues to face many challenges and concerns that affect the ability of the company to achieve success in the growth, profitability and stability of their businesses. Considering the case study examples and their challenges, companies require given working strategies and methodologies that allow the companies to stay ahead of the challenges and risks so as to continue reaping the benefits of the implemented strategies to achieve different levels of success(Green, Larsen, Kao, 2008). The market share price of construction companies has been greatly impacted by the different economic factors which then force the industry share price to continue to decrease, and thus companies cannot develop. In Sri Lanka, the impact of the force competition from international companies as well as the regulations of ranking fails to allow any construction companies to attract investors that would give the business enough cash flow to remain ahead of the challenges that prevent companies from achieving business management and profitable growth into success. In the Middle East, the go slow on the industry as well as the intervention of the government have also driven away investors into the industry, preventing the achievement of success(Grnroos, 2004). In addition, due to the effect of a low share price, many companies lack the capital to invest in the different opportunities pf projects due to the fact that the businesses dont have enough capital to commence the works(Artto Dietrich, 2014). In addition, because of the risky nature of the business, many clients prefer to pay their contractors in small installments which might make the company have issues in the development and eventual success of a company. This leads to the companies having to settle for borrowed capital, which when considering the high interest rates and the high inflation due to economic reasons does not make the project any profitable to the contractors business. The turnover rates of the two case studies in the two regions have also been seriously affected by the economic impacts affecting the regions where the companies are originally from(Anderson Narus, 2008). For instance, the turnover rate in the case of the firm from Sri Lanka is greatly affected by th e level of competition that the local players are getting from their international counterparts, who have higher ranks, more capital, and technical know how to build skyscrapers in Colombo. The local industry is also faced with an availability of land, meaning that the turnover rates for this industry are very low. Considering the Middle Eastern firm, the turnover rates have been greatly affected by the construction go slow in the region, as a result of the intervention of the government and its entities to cost savings in construction projects. The situation is further worsened by high competition within the industry for the few ongoing projects. The future is rather promising for the Middle Eastern industry, although the many regulations implemented by the authorities also affect the turnover(Johnson, Christensen , Kagermann, 2008). Due to the low turnover, the profit margins for both industries continue to be very slim, and thus the companies are not able to sustain their profitability to achieve financial success. The gearing of the industries has thus started leaning towards more debt than its equity capital due to the lack of capitals, the dependence on borrowed capital, and also the low turnover rates. However, with the right business strategies, construction companies can manage to reach their goals and overcome these economic challenges to achieve success(Teece, 2010). To increase the market share of the companies in their individual regions, these companies ought to greatly invest in embracing technology and work to strengthen the aspects of their company that make developers choose other companies. The construction industry, in both regions, has a problem improving the market share in the industry, and thus encounters a great problem in improving their profitability and growing in the industry to achieve business success(Baden-Fuller Haefliger , 2013). There is also a chance that the competition within the industry has contributed to the small market share that most companies in the industry have to work with, because of the hindrance of the lack of the technical knowhow and methodologies that guarantee success of the company(Chesbrough Rosenbloom , 2012). For instance, in the Sri Lankan market, the issue of competition has hindered the business success of the local companies, while the international companies continue to get these projects and succeed from them. Local companies in this market are greatly hindered by the inability of the companies to compete with their international counterparts, in terms of the skill and knowledge required for the construction of skyscraper projects. This is mostly because the local market is equipped with employees who are more conversant with the construction of smaller projects than the industry demands. In the Middle Eastern market, the government and related agencies have contributed to the addition of regulations and technologies to save costs and subsidize different activities in the market(Barney, 2011). Thus, the market basically needs to incorporate the use of technology and also improve the weak areas of each of the companies for the sake of improving the competitive advantage, and thus the number of projects and the market share of the industry. With regard to increasing the capital and maintaining the companys healthy cash flow, the construction companies ought to be considerate of the future of the industry considering the specific situations of the company in question(Casadesus-Masanell Ricart , 2010). For instance, the case of the Sri Lankan company predicts a future where the Sri Lankan capital, Colombo, will experience an upsurge in the construction of skyscrapers due to the improvement of the tourism industry. The Sri Lankan company can thus benefit from anticipating the situation of the future, and thus adjusting itself to benefit of the most from upsurge while at the same tie implementing an effective management system. In the Middle Eastern case, the future holds a negative prediction for most of the contractors although there is light at the end of the tunnel, since projects affiliated to the Dubai Expo 2020 and the 2022 World Cup. The government has made tremendous efforts in levelling the playing field for all the contractors regardless of whether they are international or not. Thus the companies have to do everything in their power to ensure that the capital and cash flow health is well set for the challenges or benefits coming in the future(Davies Brady , 2010). An effective supply chain in this industry is important because it successfully integrates different parts of the supply chain of the construction industry. The supply chain can be developed and maintained to achieve effectiveness which in turn prevents risks and through the adoption of a lean management system that prevent the profitability of the company(Dubois Gadde, 2010). Ensuring that the time constraints of the projects are always achieved also could improve the effectiveness of the supply chain because there will be no wastages of time which hinder the profitability and growth of these companies. Achieving the expected goals within the time and budgetary restrictions of the developer of the project will enable the companies to achieve a lean management system, where the supply chain management is effective and profitable. The Sri Lankan company for instance could achieve better timelines and costs for the growing market through an effective supply chain management system. For both cases that have been analyzed in this paper, the societal influence has had a big impact on the outlook of the industry as well as the success of different firms within the construction industry. The Sri Lankan industry, for instance has been affected by the societal factors of population and the lack or unavailability of land, leading to an upsurge in the development of skyscrapers for residential and commercial purposes. The theory of risk in Sri Lankan construction Company is facilitated by the societal pressures from the increase in population which has demanded for the increase in commercial and residential spaces. Considering the Middle Eastern case study, the societal factors that affect the market are concerned with the recent drop in the prices of oil globally, while this oil is the major source of economic gain in these societies. Thus the theory of risk is greatly associated with the global oil prices which in turn affect the economic and social tendencies of this community(Gann Salter, 2010). Conclusion Success in business in the construction industry has been difficult to come by for many players in tis industry, due to the impact of external factors on the construction industry. The ever changing technologies and skills, competition, and other external factors, have constantly hit the construction industry in many parts of the world, affecting companys abilities to achieve business success. However, identifying the current state of a companys performance in the industry with regard to the projections of the area where the company is situated helps companies identify what exactly is hindering them from success. This also allows companies to identify the appropriate strategies that can be implemented in these companies to increase their competitive advantage and thus their ability to achieve success. The study looked into the cases of two companies from Sri Lanka and the Middle East respectively, and analyzes the current situations to propose strategies that would help them become m ore successful through business management. The theories of risk have also been analyzed in the case of the two companies as well. 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